If everything seems under control, you're not going fast enough. - Mario Andretti
In the discussions today over the McCain amendment, which would codify the Army Field Manual as the de facto “bible” on the treatment of prisoners on US custody, one common refrain from many who oppose it has been something to the effect that the courts could subsequently define torture as anything that they like. While this is inherently true, I think many of you are missing out on the larger picture.
Ever since the founding of this nation we have relied on a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch of government grows so large or powerful that it can usurp power and become dictatorial. This system has served us well for over two centuries. Where we find ourselves now, as we have so many times in the past, is at a crossroads, and the decisions we make now are going to have repercussions far into the future. At issue is the role of the Executive in times of national emergency, specifically the degree to which it should be given free rein to prosecute a war as it sees fit. The specific issue at hand is the detention and treatment of prisoners.
Since the end of WWI the United States has signed on to numerous versions of the Geneva Conventions, sections of which detail the treatment of prisoners of war. The Bush administration has detained hundreds, if not thousands, of men, most of whom do not meet the literal definition of a prisoner of war as described under Geneva. That being said, one of the bedrock beliefs upon which America was based was the primacy of the individual, the respect for life and liberty that was missing from the world in which the Founders were born. This principle has guided American law and policy for hundreds of years, and it is currently under siege. Since these men do not meet the literal definition of prisoners of war, does that mean that they have no human rights, that they are ours to do with as we will?
Until now I have expressed four basic opinions when it comes to the treatment of prisoners. The first is that torture is morally wrong. The second is that torture is strategically stupid, since a tortured man will tell you whatever you want to hear simply to get the torture to stop, whether or not that information happens to be true. The third is that the benefits of torture are outweighed by the detriments to doing so, in terms of loss of prestige and the moral upper hand. And the fourth is that it is the junior enlisted personnel who end up taking the fall for mistreatment of prisoners. I would like to now add a fifth: that the precedent set here could very well be the first step on the road to totalitarianism.
The power to imprison men without trial has been the hallmark of dictatorial regimes throughout history. You only need to look at the concept of the lettre de cachet for a perfect example.
Lettre de Cachet, formerly in French law, private, sealed document, issued as a communication from the king. Such a letter could order imprisonment or exile for an individual without recourse to courts of law. Of very early origin, the lettre de cachet came into common use in the 17th cent. as an instrument of the new monarchy. Although its actual use was restrained, the issuance to local officials of lettres de cachet with the space for the name left blank inspired great fear. The occasional invocation of them against leaders of opinion, including Voltaire, became a symbol of arbitrary royal power and tyranny. They were abolished by the Constituent Assembly in the French Revolution. Napoleon I briefly renewed use of the lettres de cachet.
Those of you who saw the film Quills will be familiar with lettre de cachet, as this was the rule under which De Sade was imprisoned. Essentially anyone could be imprisoned at the pleasure of the king, and there were no mechanisms in place for the prisoner to win his just freedom. It was an example of the astonishing abuse of executive power. What the Bush administration has enacted is nothing more than a modern version of the lettre de cachet. Oh, sure, the men we’re imprisoning were picked up on the battlefield, right? And they’ve all got scary, Muslim names, so this isn’t anything that your average American Joe needs to be concerned about, is it?
Of the men currently being held in detention, how do we know that they are actually foreign fighters, and not just some poor dumb bastard who happened to be running back to his village to be with his wife and child? We don’t. And as it stands right now, there is no mechanism for any of these men to demonstrate that they do not deserve to be imprisoned, indefinitely, without trial. They are literally being held at the president’s pleasure. Given that our Founding Fathers fought a war against exactly this type of unrestrained executive power, and subsequently set up a system of careful checks and balances to prevent it from happening in the future, I think it is astonishingly short-sighted to somehow think that investing our Executive branch with the power of lettre de cachet is a prudent thing to do.
Right now there is an American citizen, Jose Padilla, being held without trial in a US detention center. This blatantly violates everything our Constitution is supposed to stand for. How is this possible? Simple: Bush declared him an “enemy combatant” and that was that. Instantly Padilla’s constitutional rights were voided with the stroke of a pen. So not only are we holding foreign fighters detained on the field of battle at the king’s pleasure, we’re now holding American citizens who were picked up on American soil. In other words, all it takes to have all your Constitutional rights made null and void is a simple presidential action declaring you an enemy combatant. “Oops, so sorry, it’s off to the gulag for you.”
This is where the short-sightedness comes in. I’m not saying, suggesting, intimating, or hinting that Bush is going to turn into a tyrant or a despot. He’s not going to be rounding up Americans to lock them up in cattle cars and ship them off to the camps. But Bush is only going to be president until 2008; who’s next? Would you want, say, Hillary Clinton to have the power to imprison anyone she liked without any kind of oversight? Who’s going to be president 20 years from now? This future president, who is probably in his 30s right now, can you say for certain that he is not someone who will abuse the power of lettre de cachet? What’s to stop this future president from declaring his political enemies to be enemy combatants and having them shipped off to a detention center somewhere, stripped of their constitutional protections? Don’t think it’s so crazy, Abraham Lincoln did a number of things in very much this vein after he suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus. It can very well happen again.
So, let’s get back to checks and balances. One of the main complaints conservatives make is about the tyranny of the judiciary, where judges set policy and codify law, a function that the Constitution leaves to the legislative branch. Unfortunately, what I see happening is conservatives railing against the legislature’s attempt to curtail the power of the presidency, to limit the Executive’s absolute powers to treat prisoners as it pleases. Conservatives are literally arguing against the concept of the Congress checking and balancing the Executive. This is bad policy. Why? Because eventually a court case regarding the treatment of prisoners is going to make its way to the SCOTUS, as has happened in the Hamadan case. And when that happens, it is going to be nine unelected, unaccountable justices who will be formulating vital policy as it regards national security. By preventing the Congress from exercising its constitutional power to balance the Executive, conservatives are arguing in favor of judicial tyranny.
Those of you who are worried that the Ninth Circuit might interpret the McCain Amendment to define torture one way or another, don’t be fooled. Unless Congress takes the lead in clearly defining the powers of the president we’re going to be left with the judiciary holding the bag for that incompetence. This is an issue that MUST be dealt with, and the way to deal with it is through the legislative branch, not through the judicial. You might trust Bush not to turn into a tyrant, but what about the president 20 or 30 years from now who has built his palace on the foundation we are now laying?
Winston Churchill once said, “The power of the Executive to cast a man into prison without formulating any charge known to the law, and particularly to deny him the judgement of his peers, is in the highest degree odious and is the foundation of all totalitarian government whther Nazi or Communist.” We would do well to heed those words now. Right now, in Gitmo and Abu Ghraib, we are building the odious foundation of a possible totalitarian government. If we do not restrain the unchecked power of the Executive we might as well abolish the whole system altogether and simply crown him Emperor.
Laugh at me if you like, scoff at me if you must, but don’t say that you weren’t warned. The issue isn’t whether or not you trust Bush, it’s whether or not you trust the president 30 years from now.
Posted by
Lee on 11/08/05 at 02:01 AM (
Discuss this in the forums)
Comments
Commenting is not available in this weblog entry.
<< Back to main
...and that is what John Howard did in Australia last week.
Please refer my comments in the Why Australia isn’t France thread, which details some of the new powers the Australian Government has enacted that can imprison without charge and restrict the press from publicising such acts.
(please note I stuffed up the source in the first comment, fixed in second comment).